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2000 (Differences
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| WORLD TRADE DOCUMENTATION: Incoterms 2000 |
INCOTERMS 2000
(INCO2000) ICC (International Chamber of Commerce) effective
from January 1, 2000
Incoterms (International Commecial Terms) make international trade easier and help traders in different countries to understand one another. These standard trade definitions that are most commonly used in international contracts are protected by ICC copyright.
To assist traders to understand the areas that the 13 Incoterms cover and how each one works, the official ICC website now publishes the Preambles to each term in read-only format, together with basic information and background. The Preambles do not spell out the obligations of buyer and seller, which are essential to correct use of Incoterms. This information may be obtained by consulting the full published texts of the 13 Incoterms, available from ICC Publishing and ICC national committees throughout the world.
© ICC 2000 - «Incoterms» is a trademark of ICC
| EXW (EX WORKS) | ||||
| "Ex
works" means that the seller delivers when he places the goods at
the disposal of the buyer at the seller's premises or another named
place (i.e. works, factory, warehouse, etc.) not cleared for export
and not loaded on any collecting vehicle. This term thus represents the minimum obligation for the seller, and the buyer has to bear all costs and risks involved in taking the goods from the seller's premises. However, if the parties wish the seller to be responsible for the loading of the goods on departure and to bear the risks and all the costs of such loading, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term should not be used when the buyer cannot carry out the export formalities directly or indirectly. In such circumstances, the FCA term should be used, provided the seller agrees that he will load at this cost and risk. |
"Free
carrier" means that the seller delivers the goods, cleared for export, to the
carrier nominated by the buyer at the named place. It should be noted that the
chosen place of delivery has an impact on the obligations of loading and unloading
the goods at that place. If delivery occurs at the seller's premises, the seller
is responsible for unloading. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multimodal transport. "Carrier" means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport by rail, road air, sea, inland waterway or by combination of such modes. If the buyer nominates a person other than a carrier to receive the goods, the seller is deemed to have fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods when they are delivered to that person. |
| "Free
alongside ship" means that the seller delivers when the goods are
placed alongside the vessel at the named port of shipment. This means
that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage
to the goods from that moment. The FAS term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. THIS IS A REVERSAL FROM PRECIOUS INCOTERMS VERSIONS WHICH REQUIRED THE BUYER TO ARRANGE FOR EXPORT CLEARANCE. However, if the parties wish the buyer to clear the goods for export, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. |
"Free
on Board" means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship's
rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has
to bear all costs and risks of loss of or damage to the goods from
that point. The FOB term requises the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea or inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship's rail, the FCA term should be used. |
| "Cost
and Freight" means that the seller delivers when the goods pass the
ship's rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occuring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. The CFR term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship's rail, the CPT term should be used. |
"Cost,
insurance an Freight" means that the seller delivers when the goods
pass the ship's rail in the port of shipment. The seller must pay the costs and freight necessary to bring the goods to the named port of destination BUT the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, as well as any additional costs due to events occuring after the time of delivery, are transferred from the seller to the buyer. However, in CIF the seller also has to procure marine insurance against the buyer's risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIF term the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover. Should the buyer wish to have the protection of greater cover, he would either need to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangments. The CIF term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term can be used only for sea and inland waterway transport. If the parties do not intend to deliver the goods across the ship's rail, the CIP term should be used. |
| "Carriage
paid to..." means that the seller delivers the goods to the carrier
nominated by him but the seller must in addition pay the cost of carriage
necessary to bring the goods to the named destination. This means
that the buyer bears all risks and any other costs occuring after
the goods have been so delivered. "Carrier" means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea ,inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier. The CPT term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport including multimodal transport. |
"Carriage
and Insurance paid to..." means that the seller delivers the goods to
the carrier nominated by him, but the seller must in addition pay
the cost of carriage necessary to bring the goods to the named destination.
This means that the buyer bears all risks and any additional costs
occuring after the goods have been so delivered. However, in CIP the
seller also has to procure insurance against the buyer's risk of loss
of or damage to the goods during the carriage. Consequently, the seller contracts for insurance and pays the insurance premium. The buyer should note that under the CIP term the seller is required to obtain insurance only on minimum cover, he would either need to agree as much expressly with the seller or to make his own extra insurance arrangements. "Carrier" means any person who, in a contract of carriage, undertakes to perform or to procure the performance of transport, by rail, road, air, sea, inland waterway or by a combination of such modes. If subsequent carriers are used for the carriage to the agreed destination, the risk passes when the goods have been delivered to the first carrier. The CIP term requires the seller to clear the goods for export. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport, including multimodal transport |
| "Delivered
at Frontier" means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed
at the disposal of the buyer on the arriving means of transport not
unloaded, cleared for export, but not cleared for the import at he
named point and place at the frontier, but before the customs border
of the adjoining country. The term " frontier " may be used for any
frontier including that of the country of export. Therefore, it is
vital importance that the frontier in question be defined precisely
by always naming the point and place in the term. However, if the parties wish the seller to be responsible for the unloading of the goods from the arriving means of transport and to bear the risks and costs of unloading, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport when goods are to be delivered at a land frontier. When delivery is to take place in the port of destination, on broad a vessel or on the quay (wharf), the DES or DEQ terms should be used. |
"Delivered
Ex Ship" means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed
at the disposal of the buyer on board the ship not cleared for import
at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear all the costs
and risks involded in bringing the goods to the named port of destination
before discharging. If the parties wish the seller to bear the costs
and risks of discharging the goods, then the DEQ term should be used.
This term can be used only when the goods are to be delivered by sea or inland waterway or multimodal transport on a vessel in the port of destination. |
| "Delivered
Ex Quay" means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed
at the disposal of the buyer not cleared for import on the quay(wharf)
at the named port of destination. The seller has to bear costs and
risks involded in bringing the goods to the named port of destination
and discharging the goods on the quay(wharf). The DEQ term requires
the buyer to clear the goods for import and to pay for all formalities,
duties, taxes and other charges upon import. THIS IS A REVERSAL FRO M PREVIOUS INCOTERMS VERSIONS WHICH REQUIRED THE SELLER TO ARRANGE FOR IMPORT CLEARANCE. If the parties wish to include in the seller's obligations all or part of the costs payable upon import of the goods, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term can be used only when the goods are to be delivered by sea or inland waterway or multimodal transport on discharging from a vessel onto the quay(wharf) in the port of destination. However, if the parties wish to include in the seller's obligations the risks and costs of the handling of the goods from the quay to another place (warehouse, terminal, transport station, etc.) in or outside the port, the DDU or DDP terms should be used. |
"Delivered
duty unpaid" means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer,
not cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of
transport at the named place of destination. The seller has to bear
the costs and risks involved in bringing the goods thereto, other
than, where applicable, any "duty" (which term includes the responsibility
for and the risks of the carrying out of customs formalities, and
the payment of formalities, customs duties, taxes and other charges)
for import in the country of destination. Such "duty" has to be
borne by the buyer as well as any costs and risks caused by his failure
to clear the goods for import in time. However, if the parties wish the seller to carry out customs formalities and bear the costs and risks resulting therefrom as well as some of the costs payable upon import of the goods, this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport but when delivery is to take place in the port of destination on board the vessel or on the quay (wharf), the DES or DEQ terms should be used. |
| "Delivered
duty paid" means that the seller delivers the goods to the buyer,
cleared for import, and not unloaded from any arriving means of transport
at the named place of destination. The seller has to bear all the
costs and risks involded in bringing the goods thereto including,
where applicable, any " duty " (which term includes the responsability
for and the risk of the carrying out of customs formalities and the
payment of formalities, customs duties, taxes and other charges) for
import in the country of destination. Whilst the EXW term represents the minimum obligation for the seller, DDP represents the maximum obligation. This term should not be used if the seller is unable directly or indirectly to obtain the import licence. However, if the parties wish to exclude from the seller's obligations some of the costs payable upon import of the goods (such as value-added tax: VAT), this should be made clear by adding explicit wording to this effect in the contract of sale. If the parties wish the buyer to bear all risks and costs of the import, the DDU term should be used. This term may be used irrespective of the mode of transport but when delivery is to take place in the port of destination on board the vessel or on the quay (wharf), the DES or DEQ terms should be used. |
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